Pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) and industry require a continuous fluid-bed dryer that provides a lengthy process time and delivers a high standard for a long time. This article ...

Dry granulation, also called roller compaction, has been a popular method in recent years and has many applications. The powder is compressed between revolving rollers to generate flakes. The flakes ...

Continuous granulation has emerged as a cornerstone of modern pharmaceutical manufacturing, transforming the traditional batch paradigm into an uninterrupted, end-to-end process. By integrating unit ...

In dry granulation, powders bind because of the application of mechanical stress. As particles are forced to be within closer proximity, entrained air is forced out, bulk density increases, and a ...

Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is the principal method for converting heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals into stable, dry solids by sublimating ice from a frozen matrix under vacuum. Optimization of ...