Physicists have shown that Markov processes, widely used to model complex systems, must unfold over a larger space than previously assumed. Scientists believe that time is continuous, not discrete -- ...

Embedding techniques for Markov chains seek to determine when a discrete‐time transition matrix can be realised as the matrix exponential of a continuous‐time generator. This embedding problem lies at ...

Scientists believe that time is continuous, not discrete -- roughly speaking, they believe that it does not progress in "chunks," but rather "flows," smoothly and continuously. So they often model the ...